Table of Contents “...‡t On studying cognition -- ‡g 4. ‡t The dance "language" of honeybees -- ‡g 5. ...”

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Table of Contents “...-- 5.2.The ways in which languages change -- 5.2.1.A very brief history of English -- 5.2.2.Lexical growth and loss -- 5.2.3.Semantic change -- 5.2.4.Sound change -- 5.2.4.1.Individual sounds -- 5.2.4.2.Sound change at word level -- 5.2.5.Morphological change -- 5.2.6.Syntactic change -- 5.2.7.Changes in text and discourse -- 5.3.Why languages change -- 5.4.Chapter outcomes -- 5.5.References and further reading -- 5.6.Some answers to the exercises -- 6.Language variation -- 6.1.Synchronic variation, sociolinguistics, and speech communities -- 6.2.Dialect and vernacular -- 6.3.Diglossia -- 6.4.Pidgins and Creoles -- 6.5.Sociolect -- 6.5.1.Language variation based on socio-cultural and economic background -- 6.5.2.Language variation based on gender -- 6.5.3.Language variation based on age -- 6.5.4.Language variation based on occupation/activity -- 6.6.Register -- 6.7.Speech accommodation -- 6.8.Lexical variation -- 6.9.Sound variation -- 6.10.Morphosyntactic variation -- 6.11.Chapter outcomes -- 6.12.References and further readings -- 6.13.Some answers to the exercises -- 7.Language, biology and learning -- 7.1.The brain and language -- 7.2.First language acquisition -- 7.2.1.Child language development -- 7.2.2.Critical period hypothesis -- 7.2.3.Theoretical perspective on child language development -- 7.2.4.Bilingual language development -- 7.3.Second language development -- 7.4.Animals and language -- 7.4.1.Bees and dialects -- 7.4.2.Starlings and recursion -- 7.4.3.Apes and human language -- 7.5.Chapter outcomes -- 7.6.References and further reading -- 8.Fields of linguistics -- 8.1.Clinical linguistics / David Crystal -- 8.2.Cognitive linguistics / Dirk Geeraerts -- 8.3.Computational linguistics / Mick O'Donnell -- 8.4.Contrastive linguistics / Jorge Arus Hita -- 8.5.Corpus linguistics / Michaela Mahlburg -- 8.6.Critical discourse analysis / Thomas Bloor -- 8.7.Educational linguistics / Frances Christie -- 8.8.Forensic linguistics / Malcom Coulthard -- 8.9.Formal linguistics / Amaya Mendikoetxea -- 8.10.Functional linguistics / Chris Butler -- 8.11.Historical linguistics / Michael Cummings -- 8.12.Psycholinguistics / Amanda Miller -- 8.13.Sociolinguistics / Jeffrey Reaser....”
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