Table of Contents
“...Fundamentals -- Membrane preparation and characterization -- Principles of membrane separation processes -- Membrane modules and concentration polarization -- Membrane process design and operation. 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Overview of Membrane Science and Technology -- 1.2.History of Membrane Science and Technology -- 1.3.Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Processes -- 1.4.The Membrane-Based Industry: Its Structure and Markets -- 1.5.Future Developments in Membrane Science and Technology -- 1.5.1.
Biological Membranes -- 1.6.Summary -- Recommended Reading -- References -- 2.Fundamentals -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Definition of Terms -- 2.2.1.The Membrane and Its Function -- 2.2.2.Membrane Materials and Membrane Structures -- 2.2.2.A Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes -- 2.2.2.2.Porous Membranes -- 2.2.2.3.Homogeneous Dense Membranes -- 2.2.2.4.Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 2.2.2.5.Liquid Membranes -- 2.2.2.6.Fixed Carrier Membranes -- 2.2.2.7.Other Membranes -- 2.2.2.8.Membrane Geometries -- 2.2.3.Mass
Transport in Membranes -- 2.2.4.Membrane Separation Properties -- 2.2.5.Definition of Various Membrane Processes -- 2.2.5.1.Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes -- 2.2.5.2.Activity and Concentration Gradient Driven Membrane Processes -- 2.2.5.3.Electrical Potential and Electrochemical Potential Driven Processes -- 2.3.Fundamentals of Mass
Transport in Membranes and Membrane Processes -- 2.3.1.Basic Thermodynamic Relationships with Relevance to Membrane Processes -- 2.3.2.Basic Electrochemical Relationships with Relevance to Membrane Processes -- 2.3.2.1.Electron and Ion Conductivity and Ohm's Law -- 2.3.2.2.Ion Conductivity, Ion Mobility, and Drift Speed -- 2.3.2.3.Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field Effect on Ions in Solution -- 2.3.2.4.The Electric Field Effect in Electrolyte Solutions and the Debye-Hückel Theory -- 2.3.2.5.Electrical Dipoles and Intermolecular Forces -- 2.3.3.Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Membrane Systems -- 2.3.3.1.Water Dissociation Equilibrium and the pH- and pK Values of Acids and Bases -- 2.3.3.2.Osmotic Equilibrium, Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.3.3.The Electrochemical Equilibrium and the Donnan Potential between a Membrane and a Solution -- 2.3.3.4.The Donnan Exclusion of the Co-ions -- 2.3.4.Fluxes and Driving Forces in Membrane Processes -- 2.3.4.1.Viscous Flow through Porous Membranes -- 2.3.4.2.Diffusion in Liquids and Dense Membranes -- 2.3.4.3.Diffusion in Solid or Dense Materials -- 2.3.4.4.Ion Flux and Electrical Current -- 2.3.4.5.Diffusion of Ions in an Electrolyte Solution -- 2.3.4.6.Ion Mobility and Ion Radius in Aqueous Solutions -- 2.3.4.7.Migration of Ions and the Electrical Current -- 2.3.4.8.The
Transport Number and the Permselectivity of Ion-exchange Membranes -- 2.3.4.9.Interdependence of Fluxes and Driving Forces -- 2.3.4.10.Gas Flux through Porous Membranes, the Knudsen and Surface Diffusion and Molecular Sieving -- 2.3.4.11.Surface Diffusion and Capillary Condensation of Gases -- 2.4.Mathematical Description of Mass
Transport in Membranes -- 2.4.1.Mass
Transport Described by the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes -- 2.4.2.Mass
Transport Described by the Stefan-Maxwell Equations -- 2.4.3.Membrane Mass
Transport Models -- 2.4.3.1.The Solution-Diffusion Model -- 2.4.3.2.The Pore Flow Model and the Membrane Cut-off -- References -- 3.Membrane Preparation and Characterization -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Membrane Materials -- 3.2.1.Polymeric Membrane Materials -- 3.2.1.1.The Physical State of a Polymer -- 3.2.1.2.Crystallinity and Glass Transition Temperature -- 3.2.1.3.The Glass Transition Temperature and the Free Volume -- 3.2.1.4.Molecular Weight of a Polymer Chain -- 3.2.1.5.Macroscopic Structures of Polymers -- 3.2.1.6.Polymer Chain Interaction and Its Effect on Physical Properties -- 3.2.1.7.The Chemical Structure of the Polymer and Its Effect on Polymer Properties -- 3.2.2.Inorganic Membrane Materials -- 3.2.2.1.Metal Membranes -- 3.2.2.2.Glass Membranes -- 3.2.2.3.Carbon Membranes -- 3.2.2.4.Metal Oxide Membranes -- 3.2.3.Liquid Membrane Materials -- 3.3.Preparation of Membranes -- 3.3.1.Preparation of Symmetric Porous Membranes -- 3.3.1.1.Isotropic Membranes Made by Sintering of Powders, Stretching of Films, and Template Leaching -- 3.3.1.2.Membranes Made by Pressing and Sintering of Polymer Powders -- 3.3.1.3.Membranes Made by Stretching a Polymer Film of Partial Crystallinity -- 3.3.1.4.Membranes Made by Track-Etching -- 3.3.1.5.Membranes Made by Micro-Lithography and Etching Techniques -- 3.3.1.6.Glass Membranes Made by Template Leaching -- 3.3.1.7.Porous Graphite Membranes Made by Pyrolyzing Polymer Structures -- 3.3.1.8.Symmetric Porous Polymer Membranes Made by Phase Inversion Techniques -- 3.3.2.Preparation of Asymmetric Membranes -- 3.3.2.1.Preparation of Integral Asymmetric Membranes -- 3.3.3.Practical Membrane Preparation by Phase Inversion -- 3.3.3.1.Temperature-Induced Membrane Preparation -- 3.3.3.2.Diffusion-Induced Membrane Preparation -- 3.3.4.Phenomenological Description of the Phase Separation Process -- 3.3.4.1.Temperature-Induced Phase Separation Process -- 3.3.4.2.Thermodynamics of a Temperature-Induced Phase Separation of a Two-Component Mixture -- 3.3.4.3.The Diffusion-Induced Phase Separation Process -- 3.3.4.4.Structures of Asymmetric Membranes Obtained by Phase Inversion -- 3.3.4.5.Identification of Various Process Parameters in the Preparation of Phase Inversion Membranes -- 3.3.4.6.General Observation Concerning the Structure of Phase Inversion Membranes -- 3.3.4.7.The Selection of a Polymer/Solvent/Precipitant System for the Preparation of Membranes -- 3.3.4.8.Membrane Pre- and Post-Precipitation Treatment -- 3.3.5.Preparation of Composite Membranes -- 3.3.5.1.Techniques Used for the Preparation of Polymeric Composite Membranes -- 3.3.6.Preparation of Inorganic Membranes -- 3.3.6.1.Suspension Coating and the Sol-Gel Process -- 3.3.6.2.Perovskite Membranes -- 3.3.6.3.Zeolite Membranes -- 3.3.6.4.Porous Carbon Membranes -- 3.3.6.5.Porous Glass Membranes -- 3.3.7.Preparation of Homogeneous Solid Membranes -- 3.3.7.1.Preparation of Liquid Membranes -- 3.3.7.2.Preparation of Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.Membrane Characterization -- 3.4.1.Characterization of Porous Membranes -- 3.4.1.1.Techniques using Microscopy -- 3.4.1.2.Determination of Micro-and Ultrafiltration Membrane Fluxes -- 3.4.1.3.Membrane Retention and Molecular Weight Cut-Off -- 3.4.1.4.The Bacterial Challenge Test -- 3.4.2.Membrane Pore Size Determination -- 3.4.2.1.Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Displacement -- 3.4.2.2.The Bubble Point Method and Gas Liquid Porosimetry -- 3.4.2.3.Liquid/Liquid Displacement -- 3.4.2.4.Permporometry -- 3.4.2.5.Thermoporometry -- 3.4.3.Characterization of Dense Membranes -- 3.4.3.1.Determination of Diffusivity in Dense Membranes -- 3.4.3.2.Long-Term Stability of Membranes -- 3.4.4.Determination of Electrochemical Properties of Membranes -- 3.4.4.1.Hydraulic Permeability of Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.2.The Fixed Charge Density of Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.3.Determination of the Electrical Resistance of Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.4.A Membrane Resistance Measurements by Impedance Spectroscopy -- 3.4.4.5.Permselectivity of Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.6.Membrane Permeation Selectivity for Different Counter-ions -- 3.4.4.7.Water
Transport in Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.8.Characterization of Special Property Ion-Exchange Membranes -- 3.4.4.9.The Mechanical Properties of Membranes -- References -- 4.Principles of Membrane Separation Processes -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.The Principle of Membrane Filtration Processes -- 4.2.1.The Principle of Microfiltration -- 4.2.2.The Principle of Ultrafiltration -- 4.2.3.The Principle of Nanofiltration -- 4.2.4.The Principle of Reverse Osmosis -- 4.2.4.1.The Reverse Osmosis Mass
Transport Described by the Solution-Diffusion Model -- 4.2.4.2.Reverse Osmosis
Transport Described by the Phenomenological Equations -- 4.2.4.3.The Water and Salt Distribution in a Polymer Matrix and the Cluster Function -- 4.3.The Principle of Gas and Vapor Separation -- 4.3.1.Gas Separation by Knudsen...
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